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Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


I/a 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


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> 


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Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 


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Letit 


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The 
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of  tl 
film 


Oris 

begi 

the 

sion 

oth( 

first 

sion 

or  il 


D 
D 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  suppldmentaire 


The 
shal 
TINI 
whii 

Map 

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entil 

beg 

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met 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

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y 

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32X 


lire 

details 
jes  du 
modifier 
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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fiimage. 


6es 


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la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^-(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  ^^>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN '. 


re 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


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^1^ 


THH  AMHKICAN   lOlIRNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


DECEMBER,  1893. 


THE  POLITICAL  REUNION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

AND  CANADA. 


». 


HV   AN    FA'-MRMHKR  OF    THIO   CANADFAX    F'AKTJAMKXT. 

CONTINENTAL  union,  or  the  poHtical  reunion  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  impor- 
tant question  befoie  tlie  American  people.  The  political  reunion 
of  the  two  great  English-speaking  communities  who  now  occupy 
and  control  this  continent,  to  quote  Pi'of.  Goldwin  Smith, 
"would  exclude  war  from  North  America  and  dedicate  the 
whole  continent  securely  to  peaceful  industry  and  progress.  It 
would  remove  all  internal  customs,  lines,  and  impediments  to 
trade.  It  would  make  the  St.  Lawrence,  the  fisheries,  the  seal- 
ing grounds,  and  all  piivileges  which  are  now  the  subject  of 
perpetual  dispute,  the  undisputed  heritage  of  all." 

Professor  Smith's  conclusions  cannot  be  successfully  disputed, 
and,  therefore,  the  subject  merits  the  earnest,  thoughtful,  and 
serious  consideration  of  all  those  who  create,  control,  and  direct 
public  opinion  in  this  country.  It  should  be  discussed  in  a 
broad,  liberal,  kindly  spirit  upon  both  sides  of  the  boundary 
line.  The  reunion  of  these  two  great  communities  is  not  desira- 
ble unless  consummated,  as  the  matured  judgment  of  a  large 
majority  of  all  concerned,  upon  terms  generous,  just,  and  honor- 
able to  both  of  the  contracting  parties.  It  can  only  be  accom- 
plished peacefully  after  full,  free,  public  discussion  in  the  press 
and  upon  the  public  platform  in  both  countries.  The  advocates 
of  political  reunion  have  nothing  to  fear  from  public  discussion. 


X 


•  •'^ 


> 


■AV.r^i!.ff;- 


502 


THE  AMEEICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS, 


They  can  well  alTord  to  create  it  and  abide  by  the  result.  The 
advantages  of  reunion  are  so  great  to  both  communities,  from  a 
financial,  commercial,  industrial,  and  political  standpoint,  that 
to  arouse  discussion  and  investigation  in  a  generous  and  kindly 
spirit,  is  to  assure  its  i)eaceful  consummation. 

The  proper  attitude  for  the  people  of  the  United  States  to 
assume  was  admirably  expressed  in  a  very  few  words  by  Prof. 
Smith,  when  requested  to  prepare  a  resolution  for  adoption  by 
the  National  Convention,  held  at  ^Minneapolis  in  1892,  and  was 
as  follows  :  ''Let  Canada  cast  in  her  lot  with  her  own  continent 
and  she  shall  have  all  that  the  continent  can  give  her.  We  will 
respect  her  freedom  of  action  and  welcome  her,  wlien  she  desires 
it,  into  an  equal  and  honorable  union." 

Canadians  (and  they  are  many)  who  earnestly  desire  to  see 
political  reunion  peacefully  consummated,  and  are  quite  willing 
and  ready  to  make  great  personal  sacrifices  to  promote  and 
secure  it,  need  and  deserve  a  public  declaration  of  assurance  in 
unmistakable  terms  from  a  large  non-partisan  organized  body  of 
American  citizens,  fairly  representative  of  public  opinion  in  this 
country,  that  when  they  have  educated  and  prepared  a  majority  of 
the  Canadian  people  to  desire  and  seek  reunion,  Canada  will  be 
cordially  received  upon  terms  just  and  generous  into  *'an  equal 
and  honorable  union."  They  seek  this  moral  support  from  the 
people  of  this  country,  and  they  should  not  seek  it  in  vain.  They 
cannot  fairly  be  asked  or  expected  to  enter  upon  and  sustain  a 
campaign  of  education  upon  this  subject  without  this  assurance. 
If  the  advantages  to  flow  from  reunion  were  simply  of  a  finan- 
cial or  commercial  character,  and  this  country  were  to  reap  all 
the  benefits,  there  might  be  good  reasons  for  the  sentiment 
frequently  expressed  by  Americans,  that  all  advances  should 
come  from  the  Canadians,  and  that  our  position  should  be  one  of 
supreme  indifference.  The  benefits  are  mutual  and  far  tran- 
scend, in  importance,  financial  or  commercial  gain. 

The  political  reunion  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  will 
remove  forever  the  causes  most  likely  to  involve  this  country  in 
a  serious  conflict  with  Great  Britain  and  make  it  possible  to 
create  and  establish  a  moral  union  between  America  and  the 


\ 


■f 


POLITICAL  REUNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA.    503 


r. 


\ 


f  - 


(ri 


Mother  land,  which  cannot  be  attained  under  present  con- 
ditions. 

This  alone  is  of  far  greater  importance  to  the  several  branches 
of  the  English  speaking  race  throughout  the  world  than  all  the 
financial  and  commercial  adv^antages  to  How  from  it  to  the 
people  of  North  America.  The  influence  for  good  of  a  moral 
union  between  reunited  North  America  and  Great  Britain,  upon 
the  promotion,  extension,  and  preservation  of  government  by  the 
people  cannot  be  overestimated.  Such  a  union  would  power- 
fully influence  the  settlement  of  all  international  disputes  by 
peaceful  arbitration  rather  than  by  the  sword,  and  tend  to  cause 
the  disbandment  of  the  great  armies  of  Europe,  which  are  a 
constant  menace  to  its  peace  and  a  heavy  and  unjust  burden  to 
its  toiling  millions,  as  well  as  a  perpetual  disturbing  factor  in 
the  financial,  commercial,  industrial,  and  political  affairs  of  the 
whole  world.  If  the  peace  of  Europe  were  assured,  financial, 
commercial,  and  industrial  values  would  rest  upon  a  more 
stable  foundation.  The  influence  of  the  political  reunion  of 
these  two  English  communities  upon  the  preservation  of  peace 
in  North  and  South  America  deserves  consideration.  Our 
commercial  interests  alone  in  South  America  are  already  very 
great  and  are  rapidly  increasing,  and  with  the  completion  of 
the  Nicaragua  Canal  they  will  be  largely  further  augmented. 

Continental  union  was  proposed  to  the  people  of  Quebec  by 
the  Continental  Congress  in  session  in  Philadelphia  upon 
October  20,  1774,  and  again  in  May,  1775.  It  was  advocated  by 
Washington,  Franklin,  Hamilton,  Samuel  Adams,  Jefferson, 
IMadison,  Jay,  Livingston,  John  Adams,  and  Gouverneur 
Morris.  The  failure  to  secure  its  consummation  at  that  time 
was  largely  due  to  tlie  publication  of  an  ultra  Protestant  attack 
upon  the  Roman  Catholics  of  Lower  Canada. 

It  might  have  been  ettected  in  1837  but  for  the  cold  indiffer- 
ence of  the  American  people,  which  enabled  the  imperial  gov- 
ernment to  ejisily  crush  the  annexation  movement  then  active  in 
(Canada,  and  drive  its  chief  promoters,  William  Lyon  McKenzie 
and  John  Rolj)!!,  into  exile.  And  still  again  in  1849,  when 
such  prominent  political  leaders  as  the  late  Sir  George  Cartier 


■L 


504 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


aud  Sir  Alexaiuler  T.  Gait;  Sir  Leonard  Tilley,  the  present 
(Jovernor  of  New  Brunswick;  Sir  John  J.  C.  Abbott,  ex- 
premior  of  the  Dominion  ;  and  Sir  David  I\IcI*herson,  a  senator 
of  Canada,  signed  the  Montreal  annexation  manifesto,  but  for 
the  determined  opposition  of  the  leaders  of  the  pro-slavery 
party  in  this  country,  who  feared  the  effect  of  the  admission  of 
several  new  free  states  into  the  Union,  and  to  prevent  which, 
they  secured,  through  President  IMerce,  the  Reciprocity  Treaty 
of  lS5t,  which  gave  to  Canada  the  financial  and  commercial 
advantages  of  political  union  without  separation  from  Great 
Britain,  Our  Civil  War,  and  its  attendant  burdens,  allayed  the 
desire  of  the  Canadian  people  for  a  time  for  political  reunion, 
but  soon  after  1875,  when  we  had  re-established  our  financial 
credit  upon  a  firm  basis  and  demonstrated  our  ability  and 
willingness  to  discharge  all  of  our  obligations,  the  latent  desire 
for  reunion  was  revived  and  has  been  steadily  increasing  ever 
since,  and  now  exists  upon  a  broader  basis  and  upon  stronger 
convictions  as  to  its  beneficent  results  than  ever  before. 

Seward,  Sumner,  and  Blaine,  a  trio  of  clear  and  far-sighted 
statesmen,  all  strongly  favored  continental  union,  upon  the  basis 
nnder  discussion.  Mr.  Seward  purchased  Alaska  chiefly  for  its 
influence  in  promoting  political  union  with  Canada. 

The  Hon.  Simeon  E.  Baldwin,  of  Connecticut,  in  his  '^  His- 
toric Policy  of  the  United  States  as  to  Annexation,"  predicts 
^Hhat  the  North  American  Continent,  with  every  island  on  the 
east  and  the  Hawaiian  group  upon  the  west,  all  bound  to  it  as 
satellites  to  their  planet,  will,  if  we  continue  our  present  policy 
as  to  annexation,  come  under  the  American  flag." 

Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  in  his  ''A  Look  Ahead,"  sees  in  conti- 
nental union  not  only  a  most  desirable  moral  union  between 
all  powerful  reunited  North  America  and  the  Mother  land 
securing  beneficent  results  to  humanity,  but  a  possible  political 
reunion  of  the  several  branches  of  the  Anglo  Saxon  race. 

The  Hon.  Carl  Schurz,  while  objecting  to  the  annexation  of 
Hawaii,  favors  political  union  with  Canada. 

The  Hon.  John  Sherman,  the  nestor  of  the  United  States 
Senate,  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  continental  union  is  the 


•e 


of 


I 


POLITICA  L  REUNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA,    rm 

most  important  (juestion  iKifoie  the  American  people  demanding 
solution  at  the  present  time. 

The  Hon.  Anthony  IFij^gins,  in  a  brilliant  address  delivered 
in  Detroit  upon  the  'JlM  day  of  February  last  (Wsushington's 
birthday),  declared  continental  union  to  be  "our  manifest  des- 
tiny," and  support/cd  his  declaration  with  many  cogent  reasons. 

The  Hon.  Honore  Mercer,  ex-premier  of  the  province  of 
Quebec,  the  most  adroit  and  skillfid  political  leader,  with  a 
stronger  personal  following  than  any  of  his  cotemporaries,  is 
organizing  in  that  province  the  Independence  party,  as  the  first 
practical  step  toward  continental  union. 

The  Hon.  (Jiiarles  A.  Dana,  the  cleverest  editor  upon  the 
American  press,  a  clear  and  far-sighted  politi(5al  leader,  always 
an  American  when  American  interests  are  involved,  hsis  for 
some  years  past  made  an  aggressive,  determined,  and  persistent 
demand  for  continental  union,  lusserting  that  no  event  likely  to 
happen  will  accomplish  so  much  to  i)reserve  the  peace  of  the 
world,  establish  cordial  relations  between  all  the  branches  of  the 
Anglo  Saxon  race,  promote,  extend,  and  perpetuate  self- 
government,  and  add  so  largely  to  the  iulluence,  prestige,  and 
power  of  North  America. 

Enough  has  been  written  to  Justify  the  creation  of  a  non- 
partisan organization  in  this  country,  for  the  avowed  purpose  of 
securing  continental  union  by  all  peaceful,  lawful,  and  honora- 
ble means. 

A  solid  Canadian  vote  has  been  suggested  in  some  quarters  as 
an  objection  to  political  reunion.  The  late  Secretarv  Reward,  as 
long  ago  as  1867,  completely  disposed  of  that  objecti<».  by  show- 
ing that  the  interests  of  the  English-speaking  maratime  provin- 
ces would  always  be  with  our  Atlantic  States,  that  those  of  the 
great  central  Protestant  province  of  Ontario  would  be  with  Xew 
York,  Ohio,  and  Michigan,  while  the  interests  of  British  Colum- 
bia would  be  with  our  Pacific  States,  and  that  of  any  provinces 
or  states  organized  between  Ontario  and  the  Eocky  Mountains 
would  be  with  our  Northwestern  States.  Mr.  Seward's  con- 
clusions are  as  valid  to-day  as  when  he  first  published  them. 

The  great  French  Roman  Catholic  province  of  Quebec,  the 


1 


666 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


I  " 


I 


second  iu  population  and  wealth  in  the  Doniiuioii,  wliich  cou- 
(rols  the  mouth  of  tlie  St.  Lawrence,  the  key  which  liohls  the 
Confederacy  to{j;etliei',  wliich  separates  the  English  Protestant 
maratiiue  provinces  from  Ontario,  and  whose  best  and  nearest 
market  will  always  be  in  our  Xew  JOiigland  States,  and  whose 
children  to  tlie  number  of  live  hundred  thousand  have  settled 
there,  will  never  unite  with  the  other  Canadian  provinces  to 
create  a  solid  Canadian  vote,  when  she  becomes  a  sovereign 
state  in  the  American  Union.  At  the  present  time,  there  are 
seven  provinces  in  the  Canadian  (Confederation,  each  one  having 
a  local  legislature.  As  states  in  the  Union  they  would  be 
entitled  to  only  fourteen  senators  and  twenty-five  members  of 
the  House  of  Kepresentatives.  No  danger  could,  therefore, 
come  to  the  Eepublic  from  a  solid  Canadian  vote,  even  if  it 
were  possible  to  organize  it. 

Another  objection  sometimes  raised  to  continental  union,  is 
the  incorporation  into  the  Republic  of  the  French  lioman 
Catholic  province  of  (Quebec.  This  objection  is  not  founded 
upon  knowledge,  but  upon  prejudice.  The  Canadian  French 
Komanists  are  a  kiiidly,  home  and  kindred  loving,  domestic, 
peaceful,  hiw- abiding,  moral  people.  Life  and  property  are  as 
secure  in  Quebec  as  iu  any  state  in  the  Kex^ublic,  and  far  more 
so  than  in  many  of  them. 

The  French  Catholics  have  a  very  large  majority  in  Montreal, 
and  yet  for  the  past  thirty  years  the  mayors  of  that  city  have 
been  chiefly  chosen  from  the  English-speaking  race.  We  have 
five  hundred  thousand  Frencb  Canadians  in  the  Eastern  States 
who  are  quite  as  law-abiding  as  the  average  of  the  citizens  of 
New  England.  They  are  naturally  republican  and  will  readily 
harmonize  with  our  institutions. 

There  is  not  anywhere  in  the  world  two  and  one  half  millions 
of  people  in  a  body  the  equal  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ontario  in 
all  respects,  and  so  free  from  objectionable  and  disturbing 
elements.  They  are  as  thoroughly  versed  in  the  art  of  self- 
government,  and  as  industrious,  ambitious,  energetic,  enterpris- 
ing, progressive,  moral,  law-abiding,  peaceful,  and  wisely  con- 
servative as  our  best  and  most  favored  communities. 


POLITIVA  L  RFA^NION  OF  THE  V.  S.  AND  CAN  A  DA.     -.(.7 

linpciiiil  fe(UMiiti()ii  iin  a  do.sirablo  and  practical  .solution  of  the 
future  relation  of  ('anadi  to  the  UnittMl  States  and  the  IJritish 
lOtnpire,  hius  no  Huhslantial  support  in  the  Dominion.  Its 
advocates  are  over /.eaioiis  loyalists  and  inipraclicid  |)olitical 
dreamers.  A  federation  of  tlie  several  branches  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race  with  tlie  United  States  left  out,  is  not  worth  a 
moment's  consideration,  and  if  attempted  to  pi'olong-  JJritain's 
control  upon  the  continent,  w  ill  sooner  oi-  later  lead  to  a  war  for 
the  complete  supremacy  of  the  lepublic  in  North  AmiM-ica.  It 
would  certaiidy  create  and  develop  a  spirit  of  antaj^jonism  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  the  Federated  l']iu[)ire,  which 
would  increase  lather  than  remove  the  causes  which  tend  to 
produce  a  contlict  between  the  two  chief  Inanclies  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  race,     rractically  it  is  a  dead  ])olitical  issue  in  Canada. 

Unrestricted  reciprocity  and  commercial  union  as  a  settlement 
of  our  relations  with  Canada,  as  i)i'oposed  by  the  leaders  t)f  the 
oft  defeated  Liberal  partj',  are  ^^insubstantial  dreams"  while 
Canada  remains  a  IJritish  dependency,  (ireat  Britain  will  never 
consent,  while  she  is  responsible  to  the  world  for  Canada,  to  the 
free  admission  into  Canada  of  the  product  of  our  manufactories 
while  that  of  hers  is  subject  to  a  high  customs  duty.  Nor  will  a 
majority  of  the  <'anadiau  electoiate  ever  consent  to  a  treaty 
which  opens  their  market  free  to  our  manufactories,  wiiich  can 
be  abrogated  at  any  time  after  ten  years.  Xor  will  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States  enter  into  a  treaty  of  that  character 
which  would  be  experimental  as  to  its  results  and  might  become 
very  embarrassing  in  dealing  with  other  nations,  which  cannot 
be  terminated  at  pleiisure  after  a  limited  period. 

Independence  will  add  to  the  per  capita  cost  of  go\  ernment 
and  defense  without  enlarging  the  market  for  the  surplus  prod- 
ucts of  Canada  or  without  lessening  the  exodus  of  her  people  or 
increasing  her  ability  to  divert  immigration  to  her  shores.  As 
population  must  precede  development  and  development  an  in- 
crease in  the  value  of  fixed  investments,  independence  will  not 
afford  Canada  any  relief  from  the  difficulties  which  surround 
her  at  the  present  time,  or  allay  the  spirit  of  unrest  which  pre- 
vails from  Cape  Briton  to  Vancouver,  or  remove  the  impression 


# 


WH 


TITR  AMERICA!^  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS, 


tu 


tliat  oMHts  ill  tiMt  iiiiiids  of  her  |i(>(>pl(^  that  a  liulical  political 
cliiiii^'f;  is  iiiip<>ii(liii^'.  lii(I(>p(Mi(h>ii('<^  <'aii  only  bo  piactically 
cotisidcrctl  :us  a  step  lowanl  coiitiiKMital  iiiii<iii.  It  iH  a  pre- 
liiiiiiiary  Ht(!p  only  t«)wanl  roachin;,'  a  duality.  Only  shilns  qua  or 
a  coiitiiiiiaii(^(^  of  liritish  coiiiKH^tion  uiidor  pieseiit  conditions  rc- 
iiiaiiis  to  !)(>  ctMisidcrcd. 

The  Hon.  lOdward  lllakc,  tlu^  lato  leader  of  tl>e  Liberal  party, 
now  a  iiHMiiber  of  the  Imperial  l*arlianient,  who  retirc<l  from 
public  life  in  ('anada  rather  than  approve  of  unrestricted  reci- 
procity or  commercial  union,  in  his  farewell  address  to  his 
const itiient.s,  described  the  present  policy  of  f \inada  as  'Hendiu}^ 
toward  disintegration  and  annexation."  Mr.  J'^rastus  Wiman, 
ii  most  sinc(>re  and  ardent  dclender  and  advo<^ate  of  his  native 
land,  descrilK's  the  present  policy  t)f  (/anada  as  ''one  of  re- 
tardation, of  slow  develoinnent,  of  declininjjj  values,  of  an  exodus 
of  poi)ulation,  of  increasiiijjj  indebtedness,  and  decreased  power 
of  payment."  (Mearly  then  continental  union  is  the  only  prac- 
tical i)olicy  under  discussion  which  will  secuie  the  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  boundless  natural  resources  of  Canada  and  forever 
settle  her  relation  to  her  ii;reat  neij;hbor  to  the  south  of  her  and 
to  the  outside  world. 

Mr.  Wiman  in  a  letter  published  in  Truth,  in  March,  1891, 
wrote  JUS  follows  :  "  The  two  nationalities  set  out  side  by  side 
one  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  on  the  race  for  continental 
s'lpremacy.  The  United  States  had  an  untried  form  of  govern- 
ment, had  no  capital,  no  backing,  and  no  previous  experience, 
working  out  on  a  vast  scale  a  plan  of  self  government,  and  an 
experiment  in  tinance  and  development.  Canada  had  behind 
her  (Jreat  llritain,  stable  institutions,  enormous  supplies  of 
money,  and  everything  to  make  her  great.  Yet  to-day  the  two 
countries  are  widely  dift'erent  in  the  results  achieved.  One  has 
a  population  of  sixty-four  millions;  the  other  a  population  of 
barely  five  millions.  IMeasured  by  every  standard  of  comparison, 
the  experiment  in  Canada  of  self-reliance  and  self-development 
is  a  failure."  Is  not  one  hundred  and  twenty  years  quite  long 
enough  to  continue  a  policy  of  "retardation  and  slow  development, 
of  increasing  indebtedness  and  decreiising  power  of  payment "  ? 


.4 


ill 


POLITIC  A  L  RFAJMON  OF  THE  II  S.  A  N/>  CA  NA  DA.    ..<i!) 


I\Ir.  Winiiiii  ill  the  saiiui  Uiltor  dwIarcH  that  :  "  If  tlio  Dcrlai 
atiuii  of  lii(1op(Mi(l(Mi('e  had  tak<'ii  in  th(^  \vhol<>  coiitiru'iit,  tho 
same  rohitivc  pr(>j;n\sM  w«mi(l  havc!  tak«'ii  phu**'  north  oF  the 
forty  lifth  parallel  -the  lakes  and  the  St.  liawrciice — that  h;is 
taken  place  to  the  south  of  tlnun,  an<l  the  world  would  have  been 
enriehed  to  doulde  the  extent  of  the  contriluitiouM  from  the 
United  States."  Few  well  inlornuMl  ami  unprejmliced  (/ana- 
diauH  will  question  Mr.  Wiman's  statemiMit.  Why  then  any 
longer  delay  the  eonsummation  of  political  riuniion  ? 

Nearly  one  million  native-born  ('anadians  (one  fourth  in  num- 
ber of  all  living  Canadians  in  the  world)  have  left  their  native 
land  and  become  residents  of  the  United  States.  It  is  an  aston 
ishiiig  fact  that  (yana<1a,  .settled  by  Anj^lo-Saxons,  with  an  area 
of  more  than  three  million  square  miles  in  a  most  h(>althful  and 
invigorating  (climate,  with  a  poj)ulation  of  less  than  five  millions, 
with  boundless  undeveloped  wealth  in  her  unoccupied  agri(;ul 
tural  and  mineial  lands,  forests,  and  fisheries,  an  e«lucational 
systtMu  uusui'pjussed  in  any  country,  a  free  press,  a  free  church, 
enjoying  all  but  in  name  republican  institutions  and  local  self- 
government,  should  fail  in  every  effort  n)ade  to  attract  or  retain 
immigration,  and  that  so  great  a  percentage  of  her  native  boin 
sous  and  daughters  should  desert  liei-. 

Her  government  hius  expejided  some  millions  of  dollars  in 
maintaining  for  many  years  a  system  of  immigration  agencies 
throughout  (Ireat  Britain  and  upon  tlie  continent  of  lOurope, 
and  in  paying  ocean  i)iussages,  with  very  meagre  residts.  '^Phe 
fact  that  for  some  time  past  a  special  effort  has  been  made  to 
induce  Scotch  Crofters,  Icelanders,  and  Russian  IMennonites  to 
settle  upon  lands  in  the  northwest  territories  with  poor  success 
clearly  indicates  that  the  attempt  to  secure  a  better  class  of 
settlers  has  proved  a  failure. 

In  1870  the  i)opulation  of  the  United  States  was  ten  and  one 
half  times  that  of  Canada.  In  1890  thirteen  times  greater,  with 
a  strong  probability  that  at  the  close  of  the  century  it  will  be 
fifteen  and  one  half  times  greater.  The  United  States,  therefore, 
will  continue  to  attract  the  most  ambitious,  enterprising,  and 
skillful  in  all  the  walks  of  life.     The  rewards  of  skill  and  labor 


I 


i  i 


;i| 


570 


THE  AMERICAN  JOVRNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


will  always  be  greater  here  than  in  Canada  if  present  political 
conditions  there  continne.  We  shall  constantly  draw  from  her 
the  cliiss  she  most  needs,  viz.  :  her  most  skillful  worksrs,  her 
best  thinkers,  and  her  most  successful  and  intelligent  organizers 
and  managers.  Her  loss  in  this  respect  will  increase  rather  than 
diminish.  Our  end  of  the  whiltletree  is  now  more  than  thirteen 
times  longer  than  hers,  and  the  leverage  in  our  favor  will  stead- 
ily and  constantly  increase  so  long  as  Canadians  insist  upon 
preserving  their  monarchical  institutions. 

Personal  observation  for  the  piist  forty  years  justifies  the 
statement  that  the  Canadian  peoi)le  are  steadily  becoming  less 
English  and  more  American  in  their  t?.3tes,  habits,  customs,  sen- 
timent, spirit,  iuspirations,  institutions,  and  legislation.  Although 
a  British  dependency,  Canada  adopted  the  American  policy 
of  protection  to  home  industries,  and  even  her  judicial  system 
is  being  steadily  assimilated  to  ours.  In  organizing  the  confed- 
eration, the  federal  system,  with  local  legislatures  in  the  several 
provinces,  was  adopted  against  the  determined  opposition  of  the 
Imperial  party.  All  her  railways  at  great  cost  abandoned  the 
English  wide  gauge  and  adojited  the  standard  American  gauge. 
She  abolished  a  state  church,  adopted  the  secret  ballot,  repre- 
sentation according  to  population,  a  written  Constitution,  state 
education,  a  decimal  currency  in  place  of  the  sterling,  the  net 
ton,  and  our  municipal  system.  Her  people  are  as  tenacious  of 
their  right  to  direct  and  control  their  own  local  affairs  through 
their  municipal  councils  as  our  own.  If  Canada  should  become 
an  independent  state  she  would  certainly  adopt  a  republican 
form  of  government  modeled  after  that  of  the  United  States. 

The  gain  to  the  people  of  Canada  from  political  reunion  can 
hardly  be  overestimated.  They  will  share  in  all  the  advantages 
of  our  enormous  and  rapidly  expanding  home  market  for  their 
surplus  products  and  in  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  the  great 
variety  of  our  natural  productions,  and  also  share  equally  in  all 
the  advantages  of  the  commercial  treaties  which  we,  as  a  great 
consuming  nation,  may  negotiate  with  other  i)Owers.  (As  an 
appendage  of  the  British  Crown,  they  do  not  have  the  same  op- 
portunities.)   The  value  of  their  fisheries  will  be  immensely  aug- 


*  * 


POLITICAL  REUNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA.    oTl 


at 
ill 
at 
an 

V- 

s- 


fj. 


I 


mented,  their  vast  mineral  resources  developed,  tlieir  arable  lands 
occupied  and  cultivated,  their  numerous  water  powers  improved, 
their  waterways  enlarged,  their  railway  mileage  extended,  their 
shipping  share  upon  equal  terms  in  our  coasting  trade  upon  the 
sea  and  lakes,  the  exodus  of  their  most  ambitious  and  energetic 
sons  and  daughters  suspended,  and  their  population  rapidly  and 
largely  multiplied,  the  market  and  productive  value  of  all  their 
fixed  investments  increased,  the  dread  of  impending  political  re- 
organization removed,  a  firm  foundation  reached  upon  which  to 
securely  establish  their  financial,  commercial,  industrial,  educa- 
tional, and  political  institutions,  and  the  absolute  control  of 
their  own  local  affairs  permanently  assured.  Continental  union 
will  deliver  the  ( -anadian  people  from  bondage  to  the  Canadian 
J'aciiic  Kailway  Company,  which  controls  and  operates  one  half 
of  the  railway  mileage  of  the  Dominion,  although  first  chartered 
in  1881.  The  late  Sir  John  A.  MacDonald,  as  premier  of  Canada 
and  leader  of  the  Tory  party,  induced  Parliament  to  create  this 
gigantic  monopoly  and  grant  it  enormous  special  powers  and 
privileges  for  the  purpose,  largely,  of  maintaining  his  supremacy. 
The  railway  company  exercises  its  power  and  influence  and  con- 
tributes liberally  to  election  funds  to  sustain  the  party  which 
created  it,  and  in  return  the  parliamentary  majority  grants  it  ad- 
ditional favors  and  privileges  to  aid  in  maintaining  its  monopoly. 
Xeither  could  exist  under  present  conditions  without  the  other, 
therefore,  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company  actively  op- 
poses continental  union. 

The  settlement  of  our  rights  in  the  Behring  Sea  would  be  of 
far  greater  value  if  the  Canadian  people  had  a  common  interest 
with  us  in  the  preservation  of  the  seal  fisheries.  There  has 
been  scarcely  a  single  question  of  dispute  between  the  govern- 
ment of  Great  Britain  and  that  of  the  United  States  which  has 
not  grown  out  of,  or  been  complicated  by,  Britain's  proprietary 
interest  in  the  northern  portion  of  this  continent.  It  has  also 
doubtless  been  the  promoting  cause  of  much  of  her  unfriendly 
treatment  of  our  interests  in  the  past. 

The  Canadian  people  anticipate  that  the  present  national  ad- 
ministration will  consent  to  a  practical  renewal  of  the  reciprocity 


672 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


J  5 


treaty  of  1854,  which  gave  them  free  access  to  this  market  for 
their  surplus  natural  products,  of  which  we  produce  a  surplus 
in  excess  of  the  home  demand  and  are  compelled  to  export, 
without  permitting  the  admission  into  their  limited  market  of 
the  product  of  our  manufactories,  except  upon  payment  of  a 
high  customs  duty.  They  have  never  contributed  one  dollar  to 
create,  maintain,  or  defend  our  market — and  will  not  so  long  as 
Canada  remains  a  British  colony.  Why  then  should  we  grant 
them  valuable  commercial  privileges  which  we  would  not  grant 
to  England,  France,  or  Germany  ? 

Mr.  Seward,  as  secretary  of  state  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  cabinet, 
gave  notice  of  the  abrogation  of  the  treaty  of  1854  in  18G4,  and 
declined  to  consider  a  renewal.  President  Grant  declined,  at  the 
request  of  the  Hon.  CJeorge  Brown,  Special  Commissioner  from 
Canada  to  the  United  States,  to  urge  upon  Congress  a  treaty  ot 
reciprocity  upon  terms  more  favorable  to  the  United  States  than 
that  of  1854.  because  it  would  delay  a  final  settlement  of  our 
relations  to  Canada,  and  of  hers  to  Great  Britain.  Mr. 
Brown  exi)ended  a  large  sum  of  money  in  this  country  to  create 
a  public  sentiment  favorable  to  a  renewal  of  reciprocity,  but 
without  avail. 

]\[r.  Blaine,  as  secretary  of  state,  declined  even  to  consider  a 
commercial  treaty  with  Canada  which  did  not  include  the  ad- 
mission into  Canada,  free  of  duty,  of  a  large  line  of  our  manu- 
factured products.  Negotiations  were  first  begun  by  England 
for  the  free  admission  of  the  suri)lus  natural  products  of  Canada 
into  our  market  in  181G.  All  advances  were  repelled  until  the 
slave  power  in  1854  forced  the  treaty  of  1854  upon  Congress,  and 
President  Pierce  to  allay  the  desire  of  the  Canadian  people  for 
annexation,  and  thus  prevent  the  admission  of  several  more  free 
states  into  the  Union.  It  may  be  confidently  asserted,  tliat  no 
treaty  with  Great  Britain,  for  the  free  admission  of  the  natural 
j)roducts  of  her  Canadian  provinces  into  this  country,  would, 
ever  have  been  seriously  considered  by  the  government  of  the 
United  States  had  it  not  been  for  the  influence  of  the  pro  slavery 
party. 

Continental  union  involves  a  final  settlement  of  all  questions 


^ 


POLITICAL  REUNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA.    TjTS 


relating  to  the  fisheries  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  in  the  best 
interest  of  all  parties  specially  concerned.  It  assures  the  devel- 
opment of  the  St.  Lawrence  as  an  outlet  and  inlet  to  and  from 
tidewater,  for  the  rapidly  expanding  commerce  of  the  interior  of 
the  continent.  It  will  remove  all  necessity  for  ever  fortifying 
our  northern  frontier  ;  it  will  lessen  the  per  capita  cost  of  gov- 
ernment and  defense ;  it  will  remove  the  chief  obstacle  in  regu- 
lating and  controlling  our  trans-continental  railway  traffic,  by 
bringing  the  Canadian  railways  under  the  interstate  commerce 
law.  Our  present  legislation  and  customs  regulations  for  the 
shipment  of  merchandise  in  bond,  in  transit  from  one  part  of  the 
United  States  to  another  through  Canada,  work  great  injustice 
to  our  own  great  trans-continental  lines  and  open  a  wide  door 
for  fraud  upon  the  customs  revenue.  It  will  remove  a  serious 
difficulty  in  controlling  and  preventing  Chinese  immigration. 

It  will  remove  forever  all  excuse,  right,  or  opportunity  for 
interference  with  the  domestic  affairs  of  this  continent,  by  any 
foreign  power.  It  will,  to  quote  Prof.  Smith,  ''call  forth  the 
vast  mineral  wealth  of  the  North,  now  dormant,  by  admitting 
American  capital  and  enterprise  to  a  region  which  they  are  now 
prevented  from  freely  entering  by  mistrust  of  a  foreign  jurisdic- 
tion." It  will  open  to  settlement,  as  the  result  of  the  permanent 
free  admission  to  this  market  of  the  products  of  the  soil,  an 
immense  area  in  a  climate  which  tends  to  develop  and  stimulate 
the  conservative  and  best  elements  of  human  character,  so  essen- 
tial in  maintaining  and  perpetuating  self-government  and  free 
institutions. 

The  Toronto  Globe,  the  organ  of  the  Liberal  party  of  ( 'auada 
and  the  most  ably  edited,  most  influential  and  widely  circulated 
journal  in  the  Dominion,  on  several  occasions  has  declared  that 
a  renewal  of  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1854  would  ''destroy  the 
political  reunion  movement  in  a  single  night." 

Sir  Oliver  INIowat,  for  the  past  twenty  years  premier  of 
Ontario,  and  the  most  successful  and  clever  political  leader  of 
high  character  ever  developed  in  Canadian  public  affairs,  in  a 
published  interview  a  short  time  ago  gave  expression  to  sub- 
stantially the  same  sentiments.     Mr.  Erastus  Wiman,  the  highest 


574 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


■\i 


■It  !; 


m 


Canadian  authority  resident  in  this  country,  with  great  candor 
and  frankness  upon  more  than  a  score  of  occasions  when  address- 
ing public  meetings  in  Canada,  told  his  countrymen  that  unless 
they  could  secure  a  treaty  of  reciprocity  with  the  United  States, 
political  reunion  was  inevitable,  and  in  giving  his  testimony 
before  the  Committee  of  the  United  Senate  upon  our  "trade  rela- 
tions with  Canada,"  stated  that  with  a  renewal  of  the  recipro- 
city treaty  of  1854,  political  reunion  would  take  place  when  a 
sufficient  number  of  Americans  had  emigrated  to  Canada  to 
create  a  majority  of  the  population  of  that  country. 

It  cannot  be  possible  that  the  present  administration  will  be 
so  disloyal  to  American  interests  as  to  renew  a  treaty,  or  adopt 
a  fiscal  policy,  which  will  delay  or  endanger  the  final  solution  of 
a  great  continental  problem,  of  the  highest  importance  to  our 
future  development  and  security  from  serious  foreign  complica- 
tions. 

Had  political  reunion  been  consummated  when  prosposed  by 
the  Continental  Congress  in  1774,  the  War  of  1812  would  prob- 
ably have  been  avoided.  Had  it  been  accomplished  in  1837,  or 
1849,  we  should  almost  certainly  have  escaped  the  Civil  War  of 
1861,  which  cost  us  more  than  $8,000,000,000  in  money  and  one 
million  li^es.  The  slave  power  would  not  have  appealed  to  the 
swordyyT^he  several  provinces  of  Canada,  had  there  oeen  free 
and  loyal  states  in  the  Union,  and  Great  Britain  had  not  had  a 
foothold  upon  this  continent.  It  was  the  expectation  of  Eng- 
land's support  that  precipitated  the  Rebellion.  Is  it  not  sound 
statesmanship  to  anticipate  all  possible  complications  that  may 
arise,  and  take  such  action  as  will  prevent  them  and  so  remove 
the  danger?  Therefore,  would  it  not  be  disloyal  to  adopt  a  pol- 
icy which  will  strengthen  British  power  upon  this  continent! 

The  strongest  active  opposition  in  Canada  to  continental  union 
will  come  from  the  political  leaders  now  in  power,  and  from  those 
who  hope  to  gain  power  at  the  next  general  election,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Dominion  and  provincial  civil  service,  all  of  whom 
are  appointed  for  life,  the  judiciary  included,  the  manufacturers 
and  wholesale  merchants  who  have  an  established  and  profitable 
trade,  and  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company,  which  has 


*% 


rOLITWAL  REVNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA.    S75 

been  granted  enormous  and  valuable  special  powers  and  privi- 
leges by  the  government  of  Canada. 

They  all  oppose  it  for  personal  reasons.  There  is  a  large  body 
of  citizens  who  look  forward  (many  of  them  born  in  Great  Brit- 
ain) to  continental  union  as  the  only  practical  and  final  solution 
of  the  future  of  Canada,  who  desire  to  defer  action  upon  it  in 
their  lifetime  for  sentimental  reasons,  but  who  will  not  aggres- 
sively oppose  it  when  presented  in  a  kindly  and  generous  spirit, 
upon  terms  which  Canadians  can  honorably  accept  without  hu- 
miliation. 

If  imperial  federation,  unrestricted  reciprocity,  commercial 
union,  independence,  status  quo,  and  "an  equal  and  honorable 
union"  with  the  United  States  were  presented  to  the  people  of 
Canada  for  acceptance  or  rejection  through  the  ballot  box,  after 
calm  and  free  discussion  in  the  press  and  upon  the  public  plat- 
form, a  majority  of  the  electorate  would  decide  in  favor  of  an 
''equal  and  honorable  reunion"  with  their  neighbors  upon  this 
continent. 

If  continental  union  is,  as  has  been  set  forth,  one  of  the 
most  important  questions  before  the  people  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  and  its  consummation  will  secure  beneficent  results 
to  both  of  the  great  communities  involved,  there  is  not  any  valid 
reason  why  the  more  numerous  and  therefore  the  more  powerful 
people  should  not  publicly  declare  their  willingness  to  accept  it 
as  a  final  and  peaceful  solution  of  their  relations  with  the  less 
numerous  and  therefore  less  powerful  community,  nor  is  there 
any  good  reason  why  either  community  should  not  use  all  lawful, 
peacefid  and  honorable  means  to  hasten  its  consummation. 

With  an  assurance  from  a  large  and  representative  non-par- 
tisan body  of  A  merican  citizens  of  a  cordial  welcome  into  an 
equal  and  honorable  union  upon  terms  just  and  generous,  advo- 
cates of  continental  union  in  Canada  would  rapidly  multiply, 
and  the  two  political  parties,  as  now  organized  there,  would  be 
disintegrated  and  reorganizetl  as  advocates  and  opponents  of  a 
reunited  North  America. 

It  is  no  doubt  true,  however,  that  an  organized  movement  in 
this  country  upon  the  lines  suggested  by  Prof.  Smith,  no  matter 


570 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS. 


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ill  how  kiiully  a  spirit  it  may  be  conceived  and  expressed,  will 
call  forth  from  the  leaders  of  the  Monarchial  party  of  Canada, 
fierce,  vehement,  and  angry  denunciations,  and  Canadian  resi- 
dents who  may  cooperate  with  such  an  organization  will  be 
howled  down  as  disloyalists,  but  after  the  first  Tory  yell  has  sub- 
sided, it  will  be  discov^ered  that  it  was  caused  by  the  fatal  blow, 
the  kindly  and  generous  invitation  issued  to  Canadians  to  enter 
into  an  equal  and  honorable  union,  given  the  enemies  in  Canada 
of  republican  institutions.  A  general  discussion  of  the  question 
upon  its  merits  will  then  proceed  and  a  peaceful  reunion  in  due 
time  will  be  consummated. 

If  a  large  non-partisan  organized  body  of  American  citizens, 
fairly  representing  those  who  create,  control,  and  direct  public 
opinion,  should  adopt  and  publish  as  an  expression  of  public 
sentiment  in  this  country  a  resolution  similar  to  the  following,  it 
could  not  wound  the  feelings  of  the  Canadian  people,  or  justly 
olFend  them,  but  would  certainly  hasten  a  solution  of  our  rela- 
tions to  that  great  Anglo-Saxon  community. 

Jicsohed,  That  we  believe  that  the  political  reunion  of  the 
two  great  l^^nglish -speaking  communities,  who  now  occupy  and 
control  North  America,  will  deliver  the  continent  from  the 
scourge  of  war  and  dedicate  it  to  the  arts  of  peace,  lessen  the 
per  capita  cost  of  government  and  defense,  insure  the  rapid 
development  of  its  nnlimited  natural  resources,  enlarge  its 
domestic  and  foreign  commerce,  protect  and  preserve  its  wealth, 
resoui'ces,  privileges  and  opportunities,  as  the  undisputed  herit- 
age of  all,  and  promote,  extend  and  perpetuate  government  by 
the  people.  We  therefore  invite  the  Canadian  people  to  cast  in 
their  lot  with  their  own  continent,  and  assure  them  that  they 
shall  have  all  that  the  continent  can  give  them.  We  will 
respect  their  freedom  of  action,  and  welcome  them,  when  they 
desire  it,  into  an  equal  and  honorable  union. 

Since  18G0,  we  have  readjusted,  at  great  cost,  the  labor  system 
of  sixteen  states,  which  was  disorganized  by  the  abolition  of 
slavery ;  paid  more  than  $8,000,000,000,  as  the  money  cost  of 
the  Civil  War,  expended  immense  sums  upon  education,  the  arts, 
sciences,  and  organized  charities ;  created  and  established  upon 


POLITICAL  REUNION  OF  THE  U.  S.  AND  CANADA.    677 


in 


a  firm  basis  an  industrial  system  which  is  the  wonder  of  the 
world ;  enlarged  and  diversified  the  field  for  the  employment  of 
skilled  labor  and  increased  its  reward  ;  encouraged  the  applica- 
tion of  mental  power  in  production  and  distribution  and  in  the 
economical  expenditure  of  human  force  ;  laid  the  foundation  for 
a  navy  commensurate  with  the  possibilities  and  needs  of  our 
rapidly  growing  foreign  trade ;  developed  an  internal  or  domes- 
tic commerce  far  exceeding  in  value  and  tonnage  that  of  any 
other  nation;  invested  large  sums  in  promoting  the  development 
of  our  vast  mineral  resources;  created  and  established  a  national 
banking  system  which  has  won  the  confidence  of  our  wisest  and 
most  experienced  financiers;  restored  and  raised  the  credit  of  the 
nation  in  the  financial  centers  of  the  world  to  the  highest  rank ; 
constructed  the  most  complete  and  extensive  telegraph  and  tele- 
phone systems  known  to  man  ;  established  and  developed  a  daily 
press  without  a  rival  in  power  and  influence  for  good  in  any 
country ;  more  than  doubled  our  population ;  nearly  quadrupled 
the  market  value  and  earning  power  of  our  national  resources ; 
enormously  increased  the  ability  of  our  people  to  produce  the 
necessaries,  comforts,  and  luxuries  of  life ;  subjected,  directed, 
and  employed  the  elements  and  forces  of  Nature  for  the  service 
of  man  to  a  greater  extent  and  in  a  larger  field  than  any  other 
people,  and  constructed  and  equipped  at  a  cost  of  $10,000,000,- 
000  nearly  150,000  miles  of  railway. 

"With  our  financial,  commercial,  industrial,  educational,  and 
political  institutions  firmly  established  and  directed,  by  a  higher 
average  intelligence  in  the  future  than  in  the  past,  with  greater 
freedom  of  individual  thought  and  action,  and  the  causes  most 
likely  to  disturb  the  harmonious  working  of  all  the  parts  for  the 
general  good  removed,  what  may  we  not  accomplish  as  a  nation 
for  the  welfare  of  the  human  race  and  the  promotion  of  self-gov- 
ernment? 

Continental  union  upon  equal  and  honorable  terms  gives  the 
Canadian  people  an  equal  share  in  all  the  benefits,  privileges, 
and  opportunities  which  we  now  or  hereafter  may  enjoy  towards 
the  creation  and  preservation  of  which  they  have  not  made  any 
contribution.     Is  it  unretisonable  for  us  to  insist  that  the  only 


678 


THE  AMERICAN  JOURNAL  OF  POLITICS, 


basis  npon  which  we  will  share  these  blessings  with  them  is  that 
of  political  reunion  upon  terms  just,  generous,  and  honorable  to 
both  of  the  contracting  parties? 

When  pensions  to  our  war  veterans  have  ceased  to  be  a  tax 
upon  the  national  revenue,  we  shall  have  expended  more  than 
$10,000,000,000  as  the  money  cost  of  the  Civil  War,  in  addition 
to  the  sacrifice  of  one  million  productive  lives. 

Had  we  paid  this  vast  sum  in  installments  to  the  owners  of  the 
slaves  for  their  peaceful  emancipation,  it  would  have  prevented 
the  terrible  destruction  of  human  life,  the  disorganization  of  the 
productive  energies  of  the  Southern  States,  the  bitter  antago- 
nisms which  have  existed  and  will  continue  to  ej^t^tween  the 
white  and  black  race  there,  and  between  the  ^rnifrTrri  at  the 
South  and  North,  and  have  given  the  South  an  immense  capital 
for  development. 

Less  than  one  tenth  of  one  per  cent  of  the  money  cost  of  the 
war  expended  upon  a  peaceful  campaign  of  education  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  will  secure  a  reunited  North  America, 
an  event  which,  in  its  beneficent  results  to  humanity,  will  take 
rank  in  history  with  the  founding  of  the  Bepublic  by  Washing- 
ton and  its  preservation  by  Lincoln. 

Francis  Wayland  Glen. 


MV(j; 


American    Journal  of  Politics, 

114  Nassau  Street.  NEW  YORK. 


$4.00  per  year. 


35  cents  per  copy. 


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